{"story":["The ancestral lands of Waikato-Tainui stretch from the south head of the Manukau Harbour to the Mōkau River, and with those of Ngāti Maniapoto they were the heart of the King movement, the Kīngitanga, formed in 1858. On 12 July 1863 British and colonial forces crossed the Mangatāwhiri Stream, the boundary King Tāwhiao had set between his land and land under government control. Battles followed at Koheroa, Rangiriri, Rangiaowhia and finally Ōrākau in 1864, after which the Waikato people were forced into exile in what became known as the King Country. The New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 allowed the confiscation of land belonging to any tribe judged to have rebelled against the Queen's authority. NZHistory gives the confiscated Waikato territory as 1,202,172 acres at first, of which about 314,364 acres were 'returned', leaving 887,808 acres finally taken. This was the raupatu.","King Tāwhiao refused to accept anything less than the return of all the confiscated land, and in 1884 he took a petition to the Queen, but he was referred back to the New Zealand government, which rejected his plea. A Royal Commission set up in 1926 and chaired by W.A. Sim found that the confiscation had been excessive, but its restricted terms of reference did not cover whether the invasion itself was justified. In 1946 Waikato agreed to an annual payment of £5,000 in perpetuity, administered by a trust board, which the government saw as full and final. Waikato never accepted it as such, and by the early 1980s inflation had heavily eroded the payment. In its 1985 Manukau report the Waitangi Tribunal concluded that 'the Tainui people of the Waikato never rebelled but were attacked by British troops in direct violation of Article II of the Treaty of Waitangi'.","In 1987 Robert Te Kotahi Mahuta lodged a raupatu claim with the tribunal on behalf of Waikato-Tainui. In a 1989 case brought by Mahuta and the Tainui Maori Trust Board against the Attorney-General, the Court of Appeal noted that the Sim Commission had failed to convey the 'crippling impact' of raupatu on Tainui, and concluded that 'some form of more real and constructive compensation is obviously called for'. The 1995 Act dates the start of direct negotiations, which bypassed a tribunal hearing, to that year; NZHistory describes a dialogue that began in 1989 and became full negotiations in the early 1990s. Waikato sought redress on two long-held principles: 'i riro whenua atu, me hoki whenua mai' (as land was taken, land must be returned) and 'ko te moni hei utu mo te hara' (the money is the acknowledgment by the Crown of their crime). In 1993, as a goodwill gesture, the Crown vested the Hopuhopu military base in Pōtatau Te Wherowhero for the benefit of Waikato, and a heads of agreement was recorded on 21 December 1994.","On 22 May 1995, the eve of the 29th anniversary of her coronation, the Māori queen, Te Atairangikaahu, signed the deed of settlement with Prime Minister Jim Bolger at Tūrangawaewae. She had supported the work of her brother, Robert Mahuta, the Tainui Maori Trust Board and Nga Marae Toopu to obtain more comprehensive redress, including the return of land. The settlement was valued at $170 million in cash and land. It included a relativity clause allowing extra payments if later settlements with other tribes were large by comparison. Because the Crown held only a small part of the confiscated land, the redress was for all Waikato collectively, under the mana of the Kīngitanga, and the Te Rapa and Hopuhopu land was to be registered in the name of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, the first Māori king. Factions within Waikato opposed the settlement, and iwi who rejected the government's 'fiscal envelope', a cap on the total funding for historical treaty settlements, feared that it would set a precedent and give mana to that policy.","The Crown's apology was written into the Waikato Raupatu Claims Settlement Act 1995. It acknowledged that the Crown's representatives and advisers had acted unjustly and in breach of the Treaty of Waitangi in sending its forces across the Mangatāwhiri in July 1863 and in unfairly labelling Waikato as rebels, and that the confiscations were wrongful and had a 'crippling impact on the welfare, economy and development of Waikato'. Queen Elizabeth II gave royal assent to the Act in person on 3 November 1995, with Te Atairangikaahu present. Te Ara calls it the first major settlement with iwi in modern times. The historian Richard Hill noted that the settlement was some $150 million more than the government had been prepared to offer less than five years earlier. The following years brought unprofitable investments and infighting over the tribe's new governance bodies, but Tainui established a commercial framework to manage its tribal assets, and by 2014 Tainui Group Holdings and Waikato-Tainui Fisheries had assets of over $1 billion."],"sources":[{"title":"Waikato-Tainui sign Deed of Settlement with the Crown","url":"https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/waikato-tainui-sign-deed-settlement-crown","publisher":"NZHistory, Manatū Taonga"},{"title":"Legacy of war: settling the Waikato-Tainui claim","url":"https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/the-treaty-in-practice/waikato-tainui","publisher":"NZHistory, Manatū Taonga"},{"title":"Waikato tribes – War and its aftermath","url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/waikato-tribes/page-6","publisher":"Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand"},{"title":"Te Atairangikaahu Korokī Te Rata Mahuta Tāwhiao Pōtatau Te Wherowhero","url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6t4/te-atairangikaahu-koroki-te-rata-mahuta-tawhiao-potatau-te-wherowhero","publisher":"Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand"},{"title":"Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi – Developing the tribunal, 1980s","url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/waitangi-tribunal-te-ropu-whakamana/page-2","publisher":"Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand"},{"title":"Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements","publisher":"Wikipedia"},{"title":"Waikato Raupatu Claims Settlement Act 1995","url":"https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1995/0058/latest/whole.html","publisher":"New Zealand Legislation"}]}